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Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. The following 170 files are in this category, out of 170 total. [97] The name-sake offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I,[98] but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks. Soviets (councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental zemstvos, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. She fell under the spell of a monk, Grigori Rasputin (18691916). If we find the surname of your ancestors in the index but it turns out that their coat of arms was included in parts 11-14, we will be able to look for this coat of arms in Fond 1411 (The Section of Coat of Arms of the Heraldry Department of the Ruling Senate) of the Russian State Historic Archives. Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Siberia, and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called inorodtsy (non-Slavic, literally: "people of another origin"). The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917. The throne passed to Alexander III (18811894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. The acronym of the RSFSR is shown above the hammer and sickle, and reads 'PCCP', for " " (lit. Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power,[34] as did the Enlightenment era and the Golden age in Russia. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and ignored reform issues. Traditionally, the latter have alternatively been interpreted as representing the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, as stated in the first edict concerning the state seal, on 14 December 1667, or as standing for the unity of Great Russia (Russia), Little Russia (the Ukraine) and White Russia (Belarus). Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. The use of the double-headed eagle as a Russian coat of arms goes back to the 15th century. Germany, the Austria's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War",[81] followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. The index to the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire started in the year 1797. A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. Conservatism was the ideology of most of the Russian leadership, albeit with some reformist activities from time to time. [31], Catherine the Great was a German princess who married Peter III, the German heir to the Russian crown. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with Saxony, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, and Denmark against Sweden; they conducted the Great Northern War, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, and he must obey the (Pauline Laws) of succession established by Paul I. The general tincture corresponds to the early fifteenth-century standard. Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental agriculture on large estates, which was worked by Russian peasants (also known as serfs), who didn't get any rights from slave masters under the system of "barshchina. Novaya Zemlya and the Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands were considered part of European Russia, but the Kara Sea was part of Siberia. See for these periods of extraterritorial control the empire of JapanRussian Empire relations. Russia 1866 #22 Used 5k Russian Imperial Empire Coat of Arms Issue $2.00+!! [114] During the reign of Alexander III, many reforms occurred. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected by assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens, and peasants. In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. [125][141] Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of Polish nationalism, a perception which especially increased following the January Uprising. [43] The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements. First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions did not abate. [56][57], Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering Turkestan,[58] until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened Afghanistan, with the implicit threat to India; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the Great Game. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History,", Hellie, Richard. [156][157], Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. In addition, there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers, usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. The whole lies within a golden ermine mantle, crowned by the Imperial Crown of Russia and decorated with black double-headed eagles. [59] That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as Mongolia and Tibet. 'Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic'). For More Information: If you found the surname you look for in the present list we (BLITZ) can provide you with the corresponding data from the "General Collection", a copy of the article including the picture of the family crest and make the translation. The Abbreviated Imperial Title is inscribed over the perimeter of the Seal. As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (guberniyas), 20 oblasts, and 1 okrug. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the British domination.[26]. The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), which formed the lower house of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the ukaz of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though a few were introduced, no major changes were attempted. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual Alexander Herzen, who warned of a Russia governed by "Genghis Khan with a telegraph".[110]. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters.[158][159]. [125] In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "confessionalization" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths,[125] also referred to as the "confessional state". The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared, which demanded a democratic republic. He replaced the old boyar Duma (council of nobles) with a nine-member Senate, in effect a supreme council of state. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus. [19] In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally abolished until the February Revolution. Peter I (16821725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already vast empire into a major power of Europe. in. It shows wheat as the symbol of agriculture, a rising sun for the future of the Russian nation, the red star (the RSFSR was the last Soviet Republic to include the star in its state emblem, in 1978) as well as the hammer and sickle for the victory of Communism and the "world-wide socialist community of states". (-, 1911-1915).jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, - , , .jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, - .jpg, (1801-1802 . The emperor eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor-General of Finland and a native Senate appointed by him. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. [171] The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification.[172]. Previously we placed on our site a list of surnames of people granted with the blazons included in the parts (volumes) I-X of the General Armorial of the Russian Empire. [93] Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania,[94] part of the Baltic states and Grodno, and partly of Volhynia and Podolia in Ukraine; the front with Germany was stable until 1917. Background: According to the St. Petersburg office of BLITZ, "the list of names which we have provided is a transliteration of the following publication available in the Russia National Library:Gorn, V.E. [165] Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets. , , , ., " a gold two-headed eagle with raised extended wings set against a four-cornered red heraldic shield with rounded lower corners. Copyright 1998-2017 Blitz, all rights reserved. Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. Similar emblems were used by the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republics (ASSR) within the Russian SFSR; the main differences were generally the use of the republic's acronym and the presence of the motto in the language(s) of the titular nations (with the exception of the state emblem of the Dagestan ASSR, which had the motto in eleven languages as there is no single Dagestani language). But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country".[36]. Strauss, Johann. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. Uvarov raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened the admission doors a bit wider. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban bourgeoisie had effectively replaced the landowners. [54], In the late 1870s, Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. The index to the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire started in the year 1797. His attention then turned to the north. Sell now. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. This index, published in the year 1888 contains the surnames of persons and families which received a coat of arms included to one of 14 designated parts of the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire. is also a part of the coat of arms. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given way to a "self-limited autocracy". Exhausted Russian troops began to withdraw from Russian-held Poland, allowing the Germans who captured many cities, including the Kingdom's capital Warsaw on 5 August 1915. [118] These systems were based on the legal code called "Sobornoye Ulozheniye," which descended from the Tsardom Era used by Alexis I. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. During the early 19th century, the eagle designs diversified, and two different variants were adopted by Emperor Nicholas I. The Middle Coat of Arms ( ) is similar to the Great Coat of Arms, excluding the khorugv and the six upper escutcheons. [109] The distinctly liberal notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative notion of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. Modernization of government required much larger numbers; but that, in turn, required an educational system that could provide suitable training. [46] In the 182829 Russo-Turkish War, Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gmhane and, posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population, received extensive support from the region's Pontic Greeks. [49] The semi-autonomous polity of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with Russification being imposed on its schools and courts. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments that the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely that land of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. [125] Old Believers were seen as dangerous elements and persecuted heavily. Both Fort Ross and the Russian River in California got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of New Spain. [126] The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within Islam, Buddhism, and the Protestant faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam, Judaism, and Lutheranism), banning and declaring bishoprics (in the case of Catholicism), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son, Nicholas II, who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. The "General Collection" has a short information about them, a black-white image of the coat of arms and its description. Four versions were used: 6 ribbons were used in 1923, which were written on in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani; 11 ribbons with the addition of Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kazakh, Kyrgyz; 16 with the addition of Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, and Finnish. We print the highest quality russian empire coat of arms stickers on the internet Hi there! Don't hesitate in asking any questions concerning the people listed below or particular features of the archival search. The first 10 parts were published before the revolution of the year 1917. All of the coat of arms which were officially received by the people in the Russian Empire were included in this listing. [125] When the state lacked resources to provide a secular bureaucracy across its entire territory, guided 'reformation' of faiths provided elements of social control. XXV (IA dli.granth.78042).pdf, Punch, Vol. The coat of arms of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was adopted on 10 July 1918 by the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Soviet Union), and modified several times afterwards. 1. Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? [153], The Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. The ministers, also nominated, were ex officio members. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation. Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of Persia through the Russo-Persian Wars of 180413 and 182628 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay,[107] as well as through the Caucasian War (18171864). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). Catherine advanced Russia's southern and western frontiers, successfully waging war against the Ottoman Empire for territory near the Black Sea, and incorporating territories of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth during the Partitions of Poland, alongside Austria and Prussia. [h] Even though the Holy Synod's chief prosecutor served as the church's link to the head of state, Peter I changed the patriarchal system that had previously existed into a synodal one. In 1815, Dr. Schffer, a Russian entrepreneur, went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii, vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. After approval by Alexander III on 24 July 1882, the greater coat of arms was adopted on 3 November, replacing the previous 1857 version. As a result, Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland, securing access to the sea. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. This index, published in the year 1888 contains the surnames of persons and families which received a coat of arms included to one of 14 designated parts of the General Collection of coats of arms of the All-Russian Empire. [136] Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were developed and at times encouraged, including the continuing Orenburg Assembly, but provided with a lower status. These factors led to revolutions twice, and the second one, which occurred in February 1917, led to the end of almost two centuries of imperial rule, including one of the four continental empires which were collapsed after World War I, along with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.[11]. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. [51], The Emancipation Reform of 1861, which freed the serfs, was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history, and the beginning of the end of the landed aristocracy's monopoly on power. The Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin, supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat, in order to seize power by force. [138] Lutherans were particularly tolerated with the invited settlement of Volga Germans and the presence of Baltic German nobility. Although it is technically an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditional heraldic rules, in Russian it is called (gerb), the word used for a traditional coat of arms. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. "[k] Another system was called "obrok,"[l] in which serfs worked in exchange for cash or goods from the master, allowing them to work outside the estate. Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated controversy between conflicting parties in the state. More than 88million Russians were peasants, some of whom were former serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) the remainder being "state peasants" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel governorate) and "domain peasants" (842,740 males the same year). [100] The Russians, led by Baltic German General Georgy Bergmann, opened the front by crossing the frontier but failed to capture Kyopryukyoy. The Heraldry Department remained as a special institution attached to the Joint Assembly of the Warsaw Departments in the Governing Senate. The military of the Russian Empire consisted of the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy. After he became the emperor, Napoleon defeated Russia at Austerlitz in 1805, Eylau and Friedland in 1807. [75], The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the League of the Three Emperors. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Odesa, Riga, and the Polish cities of Warsaw and d. Serfs were the least literate. The other main Russian coat of arms, the image of St George slaying the dragon, is contemporaneous. The result was the Decembrist revolt (December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother Constantine as a constitutional monarch. [137] During the latter portion of the 19th century, the status of Islam in the Russian Empire became associated with the tsarist regime's ideological principles of Official Nationality requiring Russian Orthodoxy. [citation needed]. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12 percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. [170] For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mirframed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the landthe overall effect was not encouraging of individual effort. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. [65] The Industrial Revolution began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor. Between 1742 and 1867, the Russian-American Company administered Alaska as a colony. They are available in the Russian National Library. These slaves were heavily taxed, making them the poorest in any Russians. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. High-quality, pre-shrunk heavy or lightweight fleece. At the same time, the full set of coat of arms of Great, Medium and Minor Arms, was laid down and approved. Every tenth Russian acquired an education during Peter I's reign, when there were 15 million people in the country. [45] Russia attempted to expand to the southwest, at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using recently acquired Georgia at its base for its Caucasus and Anatolian front. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her Nakaz ("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" a comment received with disgust by the nobility. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as Golos and Peterburgskii Listok, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture. The structure of conservative thought was based upon anti-rationalism of the intellectuals, religiosity rooted in the Russian Orthodox Church, traditionalism rooted in the landed estates worked by serfs, and militarism rooted in the army officer corps. The State Eagle held a golden scepter and golden globus cruciger. With the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917, the monarchy was abolished. Its central element is the coat of arms, crowned with the helmet of Alexander Nevsky, with black and golden mantling, and flanked by the archangels Michael and Gabriel. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire, notably in differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing the famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people,[119][120] especially in the Volga region, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. [125][126], After Catherine II annexed eastern Poland in the Polish Partitions,[127] there were restrictions placed against Jews known as the Pale of Settlement, an area of Tsarist Russia inside which Jews were authorized to settle, and outside of which were deprived of various rights such as freedom of movement or commerce. Russia's relations with Germany were deteriorating,[76] and tensions over the Eastern question had reached a breaking point with Austria. Today, the imperial crowns on each head stand for the unity and sovereignty of Russia, both as a whole and in its constituent republics and regions. [116] In 1900, a bloated peasant class (also known as kulak) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machine, and livestock. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the Great Game in Central Asia until 1907, when both agreed to end the influential war and joined to anti the new rising power of Germany. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared.
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